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Aragtida Qaraxa wayn waa xaqiiqo cilmiya (Big bang theory)

Samawade Seeraar

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10/18/2020

Aragtida Qaraxa wayn waa xaqiiqo cilmiya (Big bang theory)

Guud ahaan diimuhu waxay si adag u diidaan aragtidan inkastoo ay jiraan diimo isla rogroga waxyaabaha uu saynisku shaaca ka qaado. Hadana kuwa ka run sheega nusuusta ay wataan ma ogola dhaqankaa jirjiroolaynta ah.

Inta badan marka aad maqaal aqooneed akhrinayso waxa quman inaanad si toos ah u liqin macluumaadka laguu sheegayo. Markaa akhriste waxan kaa codsanayaa inaad iska shaandhayso macluumaadka aan halkan ku xusi doono. Marka aan leeyahay iska shaandhee macneheedu maaha iska tuur wixii diintaadu diidayso ama dareenkaagu diidayo ee waxan uga jeedaa ku fiiri il maan gal ah oo soo hubso waxan inay yihiin wax jira oo saynisyahannada aqoonta u lihi ay ansixiyeen.

WAA MAXAY ARAGTIDA QARAXA WAYN “BIG BANG THEORY”?

Inta badan dadka aan daalacasho badan ku samayn aragtidan waxay ku xukumaan magaceeda oo sheegaya “Qarax”. Lakiin markaa aad gunta u dhaadhacdo waxaad ogaanaysa inaan qarax looga jeedin ee ay tahay korodh, balaadhasho ama fiditaan. Fred Hoyle oo cirbixiyeen Ingiriisa ahaa ayaa si kaftana u yidhi magacan “Big Bang” isagoo waraysi siinaya BBC-da sannadku markuu ahaa 1949.

Aragtidan waxay tibaaxaysaa in kawnka iyo guud ahaanba jiraalku ay lahaayeen bar bilow cabirkeedu aad u yaraa oo xeerarka fiisikiska iyo xisaabtu ayna ka shaqayn sidoo kale leh cufnaan iyo kul xad dhaaf ah oo la yidhaa “Singularity”. Dabcan macluumaad badan lagama hayo kawnku markuu marxaladdaa marayay iyo sababta ka dambaysay balaadhashada waxayna ka mid tahay god- daloolooyinka saynis ee ilaa hadda lagu raad joogo baadhisteeda.

Wax ka yar ilbidhiqsi ayuu kawnka cabirkiisii isugu laban laabay xawaara ka sarreeya kan iftiinka ilaa uu le’ekaaday kubbad ama madax bin-aadam. Aragtidan waxa iska leh Astrophysicist Alan Guth oo 1980 u soo bandhigay saynisyahannada badankooduna ay ku raaceen. (Cosmic inflation). Korodhkaa dagdaga ah wuxuu dhamaaday ilbidhiqsigii koowaad intaanu dhammaan.

kawnkii waa sii fiday, waxaa samaysmay walxahan aynu naqaan hadda sida Protons iyo Nutrons iyo walxo ka soo horjeeda oo Anti-matter loo yaqaan sida Antiproton iyo Positrons. Nidaamyo badan ayaa marxaladaa dhaca oo matter indheheenu qabtaan gacanta sare siiya antimatter kana hoos u riixa (Baryogenesis).

Sidoo kale marxaladdan marka lagu jiro waxyaabaha ilaa hadda saynisyahannadu ayna fahan buuxa ka hasyan ayaa samaysama sida Walxaha madow (dark matter) iyo tamarta madow (dark energy) oo ah tamarta kawnka kala bixinaysa ee mar walba sii dardar galinaysa xawaaraha uu ku kala baxayo. Guud ahaan walxaha kawnku 27% ka mid ahi waa Dark matter. 68% kawnku waxa uu ka kooban yahay tamartaa madow (dark energy).

![](https://i1.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/gffsda.jpg?resize=280%2C280&ssl=1)

Ilbidhiqsigii u horreeyey marka laga soo gudbo, kawnka waxa uu ka kooban yahay walxo badhax ah oo is dhex yaacaya, kulka, cufnaanta iyo cadaadiskoodu aad u sarreeyo. Electrons iyo Positrons oo matter iyo antimatter isku ah ayaa isku dhaca waanay is baabi’yaan iyagoo soo saaraya tamar iyo iftiin (photons).

Woxooga ilbidhiqsiyo ka dib kulkii hoos ayuu u dagayaa waxa isku dhagaya protons iyo neutrons waxana samaysmaysa walax loo yaqaan “deuteron”. Waa walax hordhac u ah curiyayaasha Hydrogen iyo Helium oo ah kuwan xidigaha iyo meerayaashu ka unkami doonaan. (Nucleosynthesis).

Inkastoo photons-kii la soo saaray hadana iftiinku ma soo baxsan karo cufnaanta iyo kulka aadka u sareeya awgeed oo ilaa billion kelvin ah. Waxana halkaa ka bilaabmay cusuurtii madooba ee kawnka.

380,000 oo sanno Big bang kadib, kulkii kawnku hoos ayuu u dhacay marar badan wuxu gaadhay ilaa 3000 K. Electrons ayaa bilaabay inay la midoobaan walaxdii deuteron (proton+nutron) ee charge-ka lahayd. Waxana halkaa ku samaysmay atoms kii ugu horeeyey kawnka Hydrogen iyo Helium iyagoo dhexdhexaad ah (neutral). Dhacdadaa waxa loo yaqaan (Recombination).

Samaysankaa Atomska waxa ka dhashay in kawnku uu soo daayo tamar uu muddo badan kaydinayay. Tamartaa gadaal ayaynu ku arki doona waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay caddynta aragtidan Big Bang.

Walxaha iyo atomskaa unkamay ayaa isku ururi doona iyagoo kooxo daruura ah samayn doona, cuf-is-jiidadkii ayaa samayn buuxda yeelan doona, 200 – 400 million oo sano ka dib waxa samaysmi doona xidigihii u horreeyey.

Xidigahaa gudohooda waxa ku samaysmi doona curiyayaasha ugu horreeya periodic table ilaa Iron la gaadhayo. Nidaamkaa ay ku samaysmayaan waxa loo yaqaan (Nuclear fusion).

![](https://i2.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/ssdfdgfg-1.jpg?resize=720%2C591&ssl=1)

Biraha Iron-ta ka culus ee soo hadhay waxay ku samaysmaan qaraxa xidigaha waawayn –Supernova–. Hadhaaga xidgaha, curiyayasha cusub iyo kuwii sii jirayba waxay ka qayb qaataan unkamidda meerayaasha iyo nidaam qorraxeedyada.

![](https://i0.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/uykjdtyy.jpg?resize=264%2C264&ssl=1)

Supernova Illustration

Isku soo wada duuboo aragtida ah in kawnku uu bar-bilow lahaa waxaa keenay saynisyahan u dhashay dalka Belgium-ka sanadku markuu ahaa 1927. Aragtidan wakhtigaa daciif ayay ahyd oo waxa jirtay aragti kale oo caan ka ahayd saynisyahannada dhexdooda oo la dhihi jiray “Steady-state model”. Aragtidan waxay tibaaxaysaa in kawnku aanu lahayn bilow iyo dhamaad, sidoo kale uu u fidayo si dheelitiran isagoo samaynaya walxo cusub mar walba. Dabcan aragtidan waa laga xoog badiyay marki la ogaaday in xiddigaha iyo galaxy-yadu ay sii kala durkayaan. Laakin waxa si kama dambays ah loo tuuray 1960 markii la helay walxo cusub oo la fahmi waayay oo markii dambe loo bixiyay Quasars.

CADDAYMAHA

Redshift:

Hirarka electromagnetic-gu marka ay socdaal dheer galaan waxa kala baxa dhererkooda. Haddii aynu u fiirsanno cabiraha hirarka EM (Electromagnetic spectrum) gaar ahaan qaybta hirarka aynu arki karno (visible light-ka) marka hirarkoodu isu dhaw yihiin midabkoodu waa fiyoolee (violet) mar walba oo loo dhaqaaqo dhanka bidix waxa sii kala durka hirarkooda iyadoo midabaduna ay is badalayaan sida ka muuqata sawirka hoose ilaa la gaadho casaan ama guduud.

![](https://i1.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/kjuiuiuiuio.jpg?resize=579%2C275&ssl=1)![](https://i0.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/kjlklkllk-1.png?resize=642%2C286&ssl=1)

Iftiinka ishaada ku soo dhacaya hadba hirarkiisu inta ay dherer ahaan le’egyihiin ayaa xadidaya midabka aad u arki doonto. Waxan uga socdaa Galaxy- yada iyo xidigaha Balaayiinta sanno inoo jira iftiinka inaga soo gaadha waxa ku dhaca redshift macnaha Hirarka iftiinkooda waxa ku dhaca kalabax. Waana sababta galaxy-yada aadka inooga fog ay inoogu muuqdaan casaan.

Dunida waxa jira telescope-yo awood badan oo hirar EM ah kasoo qaban kara xidigo balaayiin sanad-iftiineed inoo jira. Waxa si fudud loo ogaan karaa xawaaraha galaxy-yada iyo xidigaha inaga fog ay ku socdaan inagoo eegayna hirarka ka imanaya intay isu jiraan iyo frequency-gooda oo ah “imisa hir ayay ku qaadanaysaa wakhti cayiman inay soo gudbaan”.

Edwin Hubble oo ahaa cirbixiyeen u dhashay USA ayaa markii ugu horraysay caddeeyey in kawnku sii kala fidayo isagoo xeerkiisi marsiiyay. (Hubble’s Law). Dunidu waxay ogaatay in galaxy-yadu ay sii kala durkayaan marba marka ka dambaysa. Xawaaraha ay jarayaana uu sii siyaadayo.

![](https://i0.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/gghjkjl.jpg?resize=457%2C497&ssl=1)

Edwin Hubble

Hadaba, maadaama kawnku uu sii kala fogaanayo, galaxy-yadu ay sii kala durkayaan waxa khasab ah inay jirtay mar ay isu soo dhawaayeen oo ay meel ka wada bilaabmeen. Meeshaasina waa xudduntii iyo bar bilowgii aragtida Big Bang ay sharaxday.

Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)

20 May 1964 Arno Penzias iyo Robert Woodrow Wilson oo ahaa saynisyahano USA u dhashay, iyagoo tijaabinaya Telescope loogu tala galay telephonada ayaa wuxuu soo qabtay shucaac ay garan waayeen meesha uu ka imanayo. Waxay hubiyeen inay tahay cillad telescope-ka ah laakiin way noqon wayday. Shucaacu wuxuu ka imanayay cirka oo dhan walba ah.

![](https://i1.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/ffgjjyujuy.jpg?resize=301%2C153&ssl=1)

Arno Penzias iyo Robert Wilson

Bum!!!

Sidaa lama filaanka ah waxa lagu helay photons ama shucaac ka yimi kawnku markii uu jiray 380,000 sanno gaar ahaan markii electrons kii xorta ahaa ay la midoobeen protons-kii iyo neutrons-kii is haystay. Tamartii wakhtigaa soo baxday guud ahaan waxay ku faaftay kawnka oo dhan. Maadaama ay soo gashay socdaal dheer waxa ku dhacay hirarkii shucaacaas Redshifting oo aynu horay u soo sheegnay. Iyagoo marka hore cabirka EM ka taagnaa iftiin aynu arki karno ayaa waxay isu badaleen Hirar radio ah (radio waves) gaar ahaan kuwo hirkoodu gaabanyahay oo oo loo yaqaan (microwaves). Sida sawirka hoose ka muuqata.

Shucaacan (microwaves) samada dhinac kasta waa ka yimaadaan, waxana la isku raacay inuu yahay hadhaagii tamareed ee ka soo baxay samaysanka curiyayaashi u horreeyey kawnka.

![](https://i1.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/hyjyyuuoikuy.png?resize=720%2C360&ssl=1)

CMBR

Aragtida big bang waxay sii saadaalisay in ay jirto tamar iyo iftiin badan oo la soo daayay markii atoms ku ay samaysmeen. Arintaana waxa la helay qarnigii la soo dhaafay sidaan soo xusnay. Waana caddayn adag oo meel laga maraa aysan jirin.

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis:

Big bang wuxuu tibaaxaa in kawnku ugu horrayntii uu u dhaqmi jiray sidii xuddun xiddigeed oo kale. Qaabka ay curiyayaashu xuddunta xiddigaha ugu samaysmaan inay ugu samaysmeen ugu horayntii ayuu sheegaa. Wuxuu saadaaliyay saamiga Hydrogen-tu inuu yahay kan ugu badnaan doona curiyayaasha oo dhan maadaama uu yahay asalkii ay ka soo wada farcameen ilaa hadana ay ka farcamaan. Wuxuu saadaaliyay saamiga hydrogen-ta iyo Helium ay ku yeelan doonaan kawnka oo ah 3:1.

Saynisyahannadu markay cabireen saamiga Hydrogen iyo Helium ay ka yihiin kawnka waxa si toos ah u soo baxay cabirkii xisaabaadka Big Bang ay saadaaliyeen.

Dabcan cadaymuhu waa badan yihiin…..

Kawnka hadaynu dib u duubno saacadiisa inagoo ku salaynayna xeerarka physics- ka iyo aragtida nisbiga ee Einstein waxaan toos u tagayna bar bilow.

Sidoo kale waxa jira qalab la dhaho LHC (large hadron collider) oo ku yaala xuduudka Switzerland iyo Faransiiska. Qalabka dhismihiisu wuxuu socday muddo 10 sanno ah waxan looga dan lahaa in la sameeyo falgalladii dhacay ilbidhiqsigii ugu horreeyey ee Big Bang. Qalabkani waa Particle Accelerator cabirkiisu ilaa 27 killometer square yahay, wuxu xawaare u dhow kan iftiinka iyo kul 5.5 trillion Celsius gaaraya isugu dhufanayaa laba proton. Walxo cusub oo ka qayb qaata jiritaanka kawnka ayaa lagu ogaaday 2012 markii la isku dhuftay laba Proton. Walxahaa wax ka mid ahaa Higgs Boson oo jiraalka kawnka muhiim u ah.

![](https://i1.wp.com/kaashomaanka.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/10/iuywieaa.jpg?resize=570%2C320&ssl=1)

LHC

Waa hubaal daloolo badan ayaaa jira oo aan saynisku wali buuxin, meelo badan oo aynaan wali fahamsanayn ayaa jira, taas macneheedu kama dhigayso in aragtidu khalad tahay. Waxay inoo tilmaamaysaa in wali dariiq dheer oo cilmi baadhis ahi inaga horreeyo.

Big Bang theory waxay la mid tahay aragtiyaha tirada badan ee saynisku leeyahay sida [Tadawurkii Darwin](https://kaashomaanka.com/asalka-aragtida- horumarka-noolayaasha-evolution/), Nisbigii Einstein, wareegga dhulka, lakabyada dhulka. Aragtiyaha saynisku waxay wataan caddaymo iyo tiirar adag oo aan laga tallaabsan Karin.

Guntii iyo gunaanadkii caqliga iyo cilmigu ha sarreeyaan. Afkaarta gadaal- riixa ah yayna kaa hor joogsan inaad garaadkaaga ku horumariso xaqiiqada cilmiga ah ee ku hareera taal.


Way adagtahay in weedhaha sayniska erey bixin loo wada helo. Sababtaa awgeed Ayaan u samayey furahan kalmadaha ah si aad u fahamto maqaalka.

Singularity: Bar kawnku ka bilawday oo wakhtiga iyo xeerasha physics ayna ka shaqayn. Sidoo kale waxa laga heli karaa spaceka.
Matter: walax ka kooban proton, neutron iyo electron.
Antimatter: Walax lid ku ah matter.
Photon: walax iftinka ku jirta oo aan lahayn cufnaan.
Nucleus: xudunta walxaha oo ka kooban proton iyo neutron .
Atom: walaxda ugu yar matterka.
Periodic table: dhigane lagu uriyay dhamaan curiyayasha kawnka laga helo.
Supernova: qaraxa xidigaha.
Galaxy: nidaam xidigeed ka kooban balaayiin xidigo, meerayaal iyo walxo kale.
Electromagnetic waves (EM): Hirar koronto-bir-labeed oo xawaara dheereeya ku socda.
Telescope: Qalab xoog badan oo lagu eego walxaha aadka inooga fog sida xidigaha.